Projecting Futures

• What models of future-making are proposed by young Maa-speaking men in the lowlands of Baringo County? What divisions and struggles between juniors and elders over the future of the community and over individual chances for advancement do these models of future making reveal?

• How do young men engage the Kenyan state and religious (Christian) organizations in order to articulate and materialize the models of future-making?

• How do the promises of infrastructural development impact the future-making projects of rural Kenyans in the highlands of Elgeyo-Marakwet County?

• How do inhabitants of this area relate to the promises of the Kenyan state and the possibilities opened up by transnational markets? What does it mean to construct a future amidst tension between, on the one hand, promising visions of modernization and economic growth, and on the other, material realities of ruins and rubble?

• Ethnographic methods (participant observation and interviews (structured and unstructured) in Baringo County and Elgeyo-Marakwet County),
• Archival research (Kenya National Archives Nairobi, Daily Nation national newspaper archives, MacMillan Memorial Library in Nairobi),
• Statistical research (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics in Nairobi)
• Virtual ethnographic methods (online interviews via social media).

We argue for an ethnographic approach to future-making in Kenya that goes beyond the more obvious focus on mega projects like LAPSSET or urban hotspots like Nairobi, and that highlights how ordinary citizens deal with contradictions between visionary promises and material uncertainties. One example of these contradictions are state-led stalled infrastructure and construction projects (such as those in Elgeyo-Marakwet County) that invoke ambiguous effects – hopes, anxieties, and nostalgia – and seemingly contradictory practices – anticipation, protest, and waiting. These effects and practices are not simply a result of the projects’ construction, but rather of their “suspension” (Gupta 2018), a particular kind of temporality characterized by a sense of in-between-ness – between proverbial beginning and end of the construction project, but also between the promises of a modernist future and the material realities of a ruinous present. It is not the construction itself, but rather its suspension, that for many Kenyans serves as a source of potentiality and future-making, as well as a source of heightened anxiety about an uncertain future. The suspension has provoked debates about rural Kenya’s participation in global circuits of capital, speculative “economies of anticipation” (Cross 2015), protests against corruption and nepotism, and experiences of “waiting” and being “stuck” (Hage 2009).

Another example is communities (such as the Maa-speaking Il Chamus in Baringo County) that have been legally promised reparations by the state but have instead experienced stalled implementation, displacement, and violence. Here young men’s futural orientations rely on long-standing notions of “respect” (nkanyit) and “peace” (serian) and the struggle to claim ethnic specificity and belonging to the land, but also the adoption of alternative orientations by joining Christian organizations and attempting to engage (rather than reject) the Kenyan state by joining armed National Police Reserve security forces.

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Leiden: Brill, Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies (AEGIS) series. <br /><br /><b>Non-peer-reviewed</b> <br /><br /><b>Kovač, U.</b> 2020. “Living with Ruins: Workshop on Future-Making amid Rubble and Debris.” Blog piece. <a href=\"https://www.crc228.de/2020/05/04/living-with-ruins-workshop-on-future-making-amid-rubble-and-debris/\">Access Link</a> <br /><br /><b>Kovač, U. 2020</b>. “Negotiating Inter-ethnic Boundaries as Future-Making.” Blog piece. <a href=\"https://www.crc228.de/2020/07/28/negotiating-inter-ethnic-boundaries-as-future-making/\">Access 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